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Affecting Factors and Critical Condition of Backflow in Large-scale Natural Ventilation Shaft for Urban Tunnel Fire
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DOI：10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104916.png)
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Abstract
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• Reveal the flow pattern transition from unidirectional exhaust to backflow in shaft • Flow state is governed by geometry parameter of shaft and tunnel instead of HRR • A criterion (αc) based on geometry parameter of shaft and tunnel for backflow onset
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