An Efficient Algorithm for Vertical Free-Flight Optimization in Air Transportation

Ralf Bornd

doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2026.02.003

An Efficient Algorithm for Vertical Free-Flight Optimization in Air Transportation

2026-02-05

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DOI：10.1016/j.ejor.2026.02.003

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• Theoretical formulation of vertical free-flight optimization within free route airspace. • Development of an efficient heuristic algorithm that achieves near-optimal fuel-efficient trajectories. • Proof that under certain constraints, the algorithm guarantees optimality. • A Mixed Integer Program for computing an upper bound. • Computational validation using real-world data, demonstrating up to • 2

Keywords:

Vertical free-flight optimization

Heuristic algorithm

Fuel-efficient trajectories

Mixed Integer Program

Air transportation

An Efficient Algorithm for Vertical Free-Flight Optimization in Air Transportation

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