An ensemble-based transfer testing method for Large Language Models

doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111906

An ensemble-based transfer testing method for Large Language Models

2025-08-13

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DOI：10.1016/j.engappai.2025.111906

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Abstract

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• A black-box LLM testing method through an ensemble of multiple white-box LLMs. • A comprehensive evaluation of ETTLLM showing higher generalizability and cost-efficiency. • A full replication package including dataset, source code, and pre-trained models.

Keywords:

black-box testing

white-box LLMs

ensemble methods

generalizability

cost-efficiency

An ensemble-based transfer testing method for Large Language Models

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