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An ionic hydrogel-based 3D force sensor for multidimensional password input and enhanced security
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DOI：10.1007/s40843-026-4110-9.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Flexible tactile sensors are a cornerstone of emerging human-machine interaction systems, enabling machines to perceive and respond to complex mechanical stimuli. However, achieving accurate and decoupled sensing of three-dimensional (3D) forces, together with their practical integration into functional systems, remains a significant challenge. Here, a piezoresistive 3D force sensor based on ionic hydrogels is presented, capable of detecting and analyzing multi-directional forces. The sensor exhibits a good linear response to normal forces in the range of 1–25 N (R2=0.99) and maintains stable sensitivity for shear forces within the 0–4 N range. Moreover, the application of this sensor in a flexible password security system demonstrates considerable advantages. By incorporating both force magnitude and direction, our system expands the traditional one-dimensional password input into a multidimensional format, enabling the effective encryption of numeric, alphabetic and Morse code inputs. Experimental results indicate that this system holds significant potential for enhancing information security.
Keywords:
flexible tactile sensor
three-dimensional forces
ionic hydrogel
force sensor
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