Analysis of fire spread mechanisms and combustion characteristics of spill fires in inclined tunnels with-sand containment

Jia Le Li

doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.111095

Analysis of fire spread mechanisms and combustion characteristics of spill fires in inclined tunnels with-sand containment

2026-06-18

0

PRE

AI

J

Jia Le Li

X

Xue Jing Hu

Y

Yin liang Guo

J

Jia qi Bao

C

Cheng hao Ye

P

Pei Hong Zhang *

DOI：10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2026.111095

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Abstract

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• A study investigates spill fires in inclined tunnels with-sand containment. • Sand changes the physical mechanisms of fuel flow and fire combustion. • A dimensionless burning rate model for the with-sand condition is established. • Area shrinkage ratio unifies flame height models without and with sand.

Keywords:

Inclined tunnel

With-sand containment

Spill fire

Combustion characteristics

Dimensionless models

Analysis of fire spread mechanisms and combustion characteristics of spill fires in inclined tunnels with-sand containment

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