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Analysis of sea-land wind field structure and onshore turbulence characteristics using coordinated Tri-Lidar: A case study of super Typhoon Yagi (2411)
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DOI：10.1016/j.jweia.2026.106586.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
This study conducted coordinated land-sea observations of the landing process using three wind profile LightLaser Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) systems deployed along the path of Super Typhoon Yagi (P1: rural, P2: suburban, P3: offshore). First, analysis of mean wind speed and direction at each measurement site revealed that the power-law exponent decreases with increasing wind speed and increases with greater surface roughness length. The power-law, logarithmic-law, and Deaves-Harris models all demonstrated excellent fitting performance for wind speed profiles during the typhoon's approach phase (R2 ≥ 0.951). Subsequently, the study deduced the rotation direction of the typhoon vortex in the near-surface layer and identified eight distinct types of mean wind speed profile patterns. The peripheral wind field exhibited coexisting multiple profile patterns with dramatic wind attack angle fluctuations, while the core region was dominated by power-law patterns with significant vertical wind speed variations. After the typhoon center moved away, the profiles transitioned to complex distributions such as reverse C-shaped patterns. The approaching typhoon induced a rapid pressure drop and accelerated wind speeds, with significant correlations between wind attack angle fluctuations and vertical wind velocity, while low-level airflow predominantly exhibited ascending motion. Finally, turbulence characteristics were analyzed focusing on Site P2, with a comparative analysis performed based on both stationary and non-stationary models. The turbulence intensities and gust factors decrease with increasing mean wind speed, and the nonstationary model yields lower turbulence intensities; the longitudinal turbulence integral scale increases with both height and wind speed; and the peak factor shows minimal influence from mean wind speed. Regarding frequency-domain characteristics, the power spectral density of fluctuating wind speed undergoes an evolution from a narrowband peak to a broadband, smooth distribution as the core wind field approaches. The intense mechanical mixing within the eyewall region drives the turbulence structures across all altitudes toward a “highly homogenized” and ideally isotropic state.
Keywords:
Super typhoon
Tri-lidar cooperation
Field measurement
Wind speed profile
Spatiotemporal evolution
Turbulence characteristics
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