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Anisotropic mechanical behavior of short carbon fiber/PA12/epoxy composites via hybrid additive manufacturing
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DOI：10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.114050.png)
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Abstract
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Short carbon fiber (SCF) reinforced polymer composites are favored for their ease of processing, low manufacturing costs, and good mechanical properties, making them ideal for secondary load-bearing components with complex geometries. This study investigates the process–structure–property relationships of SCF/polyamide-12 (PA12)/epoxy resin (EP) ternary composites fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) followed by resin infiltration. SCFs were first acid-treated and coated with PA12, then processed by L-PBF to form porous preforms, which were subsequently infiltrated with liquid EP and post-cured to yield the final composite. A systematic evaluation of the mechanical behavior was conducted with respect to PA12 content and fiber orientation. Tensile testing revealed directional differences in mechanical properties associated with a moderate preferential orientation of SCFs along the recoating direction, as shown by X-ray microcomputed tomography. The highest tensile strength (76.6 MPa) and elastic modulus (8.2 GPa) were found at the nominal PA12 volume fraction of 30 and 20 vol.%, respectively, showing ∼120% improvement over neat EP. A modified rule of mixtures based on the Kelly-Tyson model clarified the dual role of PA12 as either a composite reinforcing or matrix phase, depending on its volume fraction. Interfacial analysis by TEM and rheological measurements indicated robust SCF-PA12 and PA12-EP interfacial bonding, enabling efficient load transfer. PA12 addition increased fracture toughness by 23.5% and changed the failure behavior from brittle to pseudo-ductile through crack deflection, fiber pull-out, and PA12 plastic deformation. These findings provide important insight for designing anisotropic, toughened ternary composites through hybrid additive manufacturing.
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