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Assessing glacier dynamics and thermal variability through remote sensing and local perception
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DOI：10.3389/frwa.2026.1872053.png)
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Abstract
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IntroductionGlaciers in the Garhwal Himalaya are highly sensitive to climate change and play a critical role in sustaining downstream water resources; ecosystems; and local livelihoods. This study evaluates glacier dynamics and thermal variability in the upper Bhilangana watershed; with a particular focus on the Khatling Glacier and its tributaries; while incorporating local perceptions of environmental change.MethodsMulti-temporal Landsat imagery from 2010; 2013; 2016; 2019; 2022; and 2025 was analyzed to derive the Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI); Land Surface Temperature (LST); and debris-cover extent. Glacier and debris-cover boundaries were delineated through image interpretation and digitization. LST was retrieved using emissivity-corrected thermal infrared data and validated with observations from the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). To complement the geospatial analysis; household surveys; transect walks; and focus group discussions were conducted across seven villages within the watershed.ResultsThe analysis revealed a significant decline in snow cover; indicated by decreasing NDSI values; alongside increasing LST and the expansion of debris-covered glacier surfaces between 2010 and 2025. A moderate inverse relationship between NDSI and LST suggests that reductions in snow cover are associated with higher surface temperatures. Community-based observations were consistent with remote sensing results; with respondents reporting warmer summers; declining snowfall; reduced spring discharge; altered rainfall patterns; and increasing agricultural challenges.DiscussionThe strong agreement between remotely sensed observations and local perceptions highlights the importance of integrating scientific assessments with community knowledge to understand climate-induced environmental change. The findings demonstrate that ongoing glacier retreat and thermal variability are affecting both ecological conditions and livelihood security in the upper Bhilangana watershed. These results underscore the need for climate-resilient resource management; adaptive agricultural practices; and community-based monitoring systems to strengthen long-term adaptation strategies in Himalayan mountain regions.
Keywords:
land surface temperature
glacier dynamics
Khatling glacier
normalized difference snow index
thermal variability
upper Bhilangana watershed
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