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Assessing measurement bias in substance withdrawal symptoms attributable to childhood adversity and genetic liability
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DOI：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2026.113261.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
• Substance withdrawal symptoms are not all equally severe. • Some withdrawal symptoms better discriminate among withdrawal severity levels. • Genetic liability and childhood experiences affect how withdrawal symptoms present. • Clinicians should be alert for the endorsement of more severe withdrawal symptoms. • Considering patient characteristics may help inform tailored withdrawal management.
Keywords:
Substance withdrawal
Alcohol
Tobacco
Opioids
Childhood adversity
Differential, item functioning
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