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Assessing organisational and technological readiness for artificial intelligence implementation in the Ghana health service: a systematic review protocol
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DOI：10.3389/fdgth.2026.1834800.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
BackgroundArtificial intelligence (AI) holds transformative potential for public health systems in low- and middle-income countries. The Ghana Health Service (GHS); Ghana's principal public health implementing agency; faces persistent workforce capacity gaps; fragmented digital infrastructure; and nascent data governance frameworks that collectively constrain AI adoption. No systematic review has specifically examined the multi-dimensional organisational and technological readiness of the GHS for AI implementation.ObjectivesThis systematic review will synthesise evidence on organisational and technological readiness for AI implementation within the GHS and comparable low- and middle-income country contexts; identify barriers and facilitators; document existing AI applications and implementation outcomes; and generate an evidence base to inform national health policy.Methods and analysisA systematic review will be conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines with protocol registration in PROSPERO (CRD420261339477). A Population-Concept-Context (PCC) framework guides eligibility criteria. Searches were conducted across 15 bibliographic and supplementary sources. Two independent reviewers will conduct double-blind screening with inter-rater reliability assessed using Cohen's kappa; targeting a threshold of 0.80 or above as recommended for complex mixed-methods reviews. Quality appraisal will use validated design-specific tools. A convergent integrated mixed-methods synthesis incorporating thematic synthesis and structured narrative synthesis will be applied; with meta-analysis conducted where sufficient quantitative evidence permits. Certainty of evidence will be assessed using GRADE and GRADE-CERQual.Ethics and disseminationFormal ethical approval is not required as this review analyses existing published evidence. Findings will be submitted for peer-reviewed publication and disseminated to the GHS; Ghana Ministry of Health; and WHO Ghana Country Office.PROSPERO Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420261339477; identifier CRD420261339477.
Keywords:
artificial intelligence
low-and middle-income countries
digital health
implementation science
eHealth
health informatics
Ghana health service
organisational readiness
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