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(Assessing the Relationship between Tongue Surface Layer and Halitosis using a Portable Sulfur Monitor among Periodontitis Patients)
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DOI：10.17576/jsm-2026-5504-07.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Oral malodor or halitosis, affects quality of life and may lead to psychological distress. While assessment methods range from subjective organoleptic tests to objective devices, portable sulfur monitors offer a practical approach for clinical evaluation. This study investigated the relationship between volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels, measured using the Breath AlertTM portable sulfur monitor, and tongue coating in periodontitis patients. Associations with self-reported oral hygiene behaviours, self-perceived halitosis, and dietary habits were also examined. Sixty-four participants were assessed using the Breath AlertTM and a modified Winkel Tongue Coating Index. Clinical halitosis was identified in 53.1% of participants. Smoking status was significantly associated with clinical halitosis (p = 0.041), whereas other sociodemographic and oral health parameters showed no association. Participants with halitosis demonstrated significantly higher tongue coating levels (p = 0.010), and tongue coating was positively correlated with halitosis severity (r = 0.288, p = 0.021). Regular use of interdental brushes was linked to lower halitosis prevalence (p = 0.024), while coffee consumption was associated with increased tongue coating (p = 0.049). No other dietary habits or oral hygiene behaviours were significantly related to halitosis or tongue coating. These findings confirm a high prevalence of halitosis in periodontitis patients and underscore tongue coating as a significant contributing factor. Portable sulfur monitors may serve as useful adjuncts in clinical assessment, though further validation is warranted.
Keywords:
Halitosis
oral hygiene
portable sulfur monitor
tongue coating
volatile sulfur compounds
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