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ATM: a Logic for Quantitative Security Properties on Attack Trees
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DOI：10.1007/s10270-025-01323-z.png)
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Abstract
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Critical infrastructure systems - for which high reliability and availability are paramount - must operate securely. Attack trees (ATs) are hierarchical diagrams that offer a flexible modelling language used to assess how systems can be attacked. ATs are widely employed both in industry and academia but - in spite of their popularity - little work has been done to give practitioners instruments to formulate queries on ATs in an understandable yet powerful way. In this paper we fill this gap by presenting ATM, a logic to express quantitative security properties on ATs. ATM allows for the specification of properties involved with security metrics that include cost, probability and skill and permits the formulation of insightful what-if scenarios. To showcase its potential, we apply ATM both to the case study of a CubeSAT and to a larger model, constructed from the real-life cyberespionage campaign Operation Dream Job, as recorded by the MITRE ATT&CK Database. We showcase property specification on the corresponding attack trees and propel usability of ATM by presenting LangATM- a domain specific language for our logic. Finally, we present theory and algorithms - based on binary decision diagrams - to check properties and compute metrics of ATM-formulae.
Keywords:
Attack trees
Logic
Model checking
Aerospace
MITRE ATT& CK
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