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Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in the era of immunotherapy: from pathogenesis to therapeutic strategies
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DOI：10.1186/s12967-026-08787-7.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare hematologic disorder characterized by the accelerated destruction of red blood cells mediated by autoantibodies and is classified into warm antibody type and cold antibody type. Corticosteroids remain the first-line treatment, whereas rituximab has replaced splenectomy as the standard second-line therapy. However, a considerable proportion of patients still experience relapse or refractory disease. In recent years, with an improved understanding of its pathogenesis, significant advances have been achieved in targeted therapies for AIHA, including complement inhibitors, spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitors, Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors, phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta inhibitors, other novel agents, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Future AIHA management will focus on individualized treatment guided by precise stratification, combination strategies, and biomarkers, ultimately achieving a transition from empirical immunosuppression to mechanism-targeted precision medicine.
Keywords:
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Cold agglutinin disease
Complement inhibitor
Spleen tyrosine kinase
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