Automated machine learning for deep learning based malware detection

doi:10.1016/j.cose.2023.103582

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Automated machine learning for deep learning based malware detection

2024-02-01

Austin L. Brown

Maanak Gupta *

Mahmoud Abdelsalam

DOI：10.1016/j.cose.2023.103582

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Abstract

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Deep learning (DL) has proven to be effective in detecting sophisticated malware that is constantly evolving. Even though deep learning has alleviated the feature engineering problem, finding the most optimal DL model's architecture and set of hyper-parameters, remains a challenge that requires domain expertise. In addition, many of the proposed state-of-the-art models are very complex and may not be the best fit for different datasets. A promising approach, known as Automated Machine Learning (AutoML), can reduce the domain expertise required to develop custom DL models by automating the ML pipeline key components, namely hyperparameter optimization and neural architecture search (NAS). AutoML reduces the amount of human trial-and-error involved in designing DL models, and in more recent implementations can find new model architectures with relatively low computational overhead.Research on the feasibility of using AutoML for malware detection is very limited. This work provides a comprehensive analysis and insights on using AutoML for both static and online malware detection. For static, our analysis is performed on two widely used malware datasets: SOREL-20M to demonstrate efficacy on large datasets; and EMBER-2018, a smaller dataset specifically curated to hinder the performance of machine learning models. In addition, we show the effects of tuning the NAS process parameters on finding a more optimal malware detection model on these static analysis datasets. Further, we also demonstrate that AutoML is performant in online malware detection scenarios using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for cloud IaaS. We compare an AutoML technique to six existing state-of-the-art CNNs using a newly generated online malware dataset with and without other applications running in the background during malware execution. We show that the AutoML technique is more performant than the state-of-the-art CNNs with little overhead in finding the architecture. In general, our experimental results show that the performance of AutoML based static and online malware detection models are on par or even better than state-of-the-art models or hand-designed models presented in literature.

Keywords:

Malware detection

Automated machine learning

Deep learning

Cloud security

Static malware analysis

Online malware analysis

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