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Background Intensity Estimation for Cassini–ISS Image Using Deep-learning-based Diffusion Model
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DOI：10.3847/1538-3881/ae3001.png)
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Abstract
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Accurate background intensity estimation is crucial for precise astrometric measurements in astronomical imaging, particularly in complex scenarios such as those encountered in Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) observations of Saturn’s ring system. Traditional methods such as polynomial fitting and statistical methods often fail in non-uniform conditions, such as those caused by Saturn’s rings or scattered light, due to mismatched assumptions and reliance on prior knowledge. This results in biased estimates and poor generalizability. We propose a deep learning framework based on the Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Model (DDPM) to address these challenges. By learning noise patterns and iteratively reconstructing backgrounds, DDPM improves background intensity estimation in ring–gap regions of ISS images by up to 62% relative to polynomial fitting. Additionally, when applied to centroiding of unresolved satellites in ring-gap region, DDPM-based background estimation enhances positional precision by about 14% in the line direction and 15% in the sample direction. The framework autonomously captures spatial correlations, requires no manual parameter tuning, and generalizes across diverse backgrounds. These characteristics make it a promising, assumption-light solution for background estimation tasks in astrometry, photometry, and source detection, with potential applications to exoplanet transit imaging, deep-field surveys, and future missions.
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