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Background-robust all-optical thermometry based on single-wavelength charge-state modulation of NV centers in diamond
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DOI：10.1016/j.diamond.2026.114006.png)
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Abstract
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We use transient photoinduced charge-state redistribution of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond as a mechanism for background-robust, all-optical thermometry. Our method requires only a single-wavelength pulsed excitation beam, which induces conversion between the negative (NV−) and neutral (NV0) charge states. At low to moderate excitation intensities, the ensemble evolves from its initial charge-state distribution toward a pump-defined quasi-steady state, with transition rates governed by the ionization and recombination cross sections at the excitation wavelength. NV photoluminescence spectra are recorded in two equal time windows positioned near the beginning and the end of each pump pulse, and the two spectra are then subtracted. The resulting differential spectrum is proportional to the transient change in the NV0/NV− ratio and suppresses background components that do not change on the timescale of a single pulse. Implemented in a fiber-coupled geometry without microwave excitation, magnetic-field control, or auxiliary optical excitation, the method suppresses background-induced temperature bias to <0.1 K even when the background spectral power in the NV zero-phonon line (ZPL) region exceeds the NV0 ZPL signal. The differential spectrum preserves the standard ZPL-based temperature readout and yields a noise-equivalent temperature sensitivity of ≈0.24 K·Hz-0.5. These results show that single-wavelength charge-state modulation can provide an all-optical readout channel for NV ensembles in diamond, usable either as a standalone thermometer or as a background-robust reference measurement for conventional NV-based all-optical thermometry.
Keywords:
Diamond
Nitrogen-vacancy centers
Charge-state dynamics
Zero-phonon line
All-optical thermometry
Optical background suppression
fiber-optic probes
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