.png){kind=icon}
.png){kind=icon}
Return
Basal Ganglia-A Motion Perspective
.png){kind=icon}
PRE
AI
DOI：10.1002/cphy.c190045.png)
.png){kind=icon}
Original request for help.png){kind=icon}
Share.png){kind=icon}
Save
Abstract
En 中文
The basal ganglia represent an ancient part of the nervous system that have remained organized in a similar way over the last 500 million years and are of importance for our ability to determine which actions to choose at any given moment in time. Salient or reward stimuli act via the dopamine system and contribute to motor or procedural learning (reinforcement learning). The input stage of the basal ganglia, the striatum, is shaped by glutamatergic input from the cortex and thalamus and by the dopamine system. All intrinsic neurons of the striatum are GABAergic and inhibitory except for the cholinergic interneurons. Too little dopamine and all vertebrates show symptoms similar to that of a Parkinsonian patient, whereas too much dopamine results in hyperkinesia with involuntary movements. In this article, we discuss the detailed organization of the basal ganglia, with the different cell types, their properties, and contributions to basal ganglia functions. The striatal projection neurons represent 95% of all neurons in the striatum and are subdivided into two types, one that projects directly to the output stage, referred to as the direct pathway that promotes action, and the other subtype that targets the output nuclei via intercalated basal ganglia nuclei. This indirect pathway has an opposite effect. The striatal projection neurons express a set of ion channels that give them a high threshold for activation, whereas neurons in all other parts of the basal ganglia have a resting discharge that allows for modulation in both an increased and decreased direction. (C) 2020 American Physiological Society.
Keywords:
FAST-SPIKING INTERNEURONS
NIGRA PARS RETICULATA
STRIATAL CHOLINERGIC INTERNEURONS
PRIMATE SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS
TONICALLY ACTIVE NEURONS
GLOBUS-PALLIDUS NEURONS
CM-PF COMPLEX
ACTION SELECTION
MIDBRAIN DOPAMINE
SUBSTANTIA-NIGRA
AI Summary
Key information extracted from the uploaded paper, including a brief overview, abstract, background, key highlights, visual analysis, and future outlook.