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BER Approximation for Optical LoRa Over Gamma–Gamma Turbulence With Pointing Errors
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DOI：10.1109/lcomm.2026.3712800.png)
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Abstract
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This letter presents a low-complexity detector-domain bit-error-rate approximation for uncoded noncoherent optical Long Range Radio over Gamma–Gamma turbulence with zero-boresight pointing errors. The benchmark bit-error-rate requires nested averaging over turbulence, pointing loss, and detector statistics, resulting in a three-layer numerical procedure. The proposed method approximates the fast Fourier transform-domain decision margin by a moment-matched Gaussian random variable, which removes the inner detector-statistics integral and reduces the evaluation to a two-dimensional channel average. For spreading factor = 7–10, weak-to-strong turbulence, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\xi =1.1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>–2.0, the maximum absolute bit-error-rate deviation is <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4.18\times 10^{-3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and the worst-case signal-to-noise ratio shift at bit-error-rate <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$=10^{-4}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is 0.21 dB.
Keywords:
LoRa
optical wireless communications
gamma–gamma turbulence
pointing errors
bit error rate
Gaussian approximation
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