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Bio-based intumescent flame-retardants for polypropylene composites reinforced with long natural fibres
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DOI：10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2026.112352.png)
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Abstract
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• A dual-phase flame-retardant strategy, combining bio-based flame retardant additives with chemically treated flax fabrics, was successfully implemented for natural fibre-reinforced polypropylene composites. • The PA–PPN-based formulation achieved fire performance comparable to conventional APP/PER system while containing substantially less phosphorus (2.8 wt.% vs. 9.45 wt.%). • Treated flax fabrics promoted earlier heat release but significantly improved char cohesion and structural integrity, demonstrating their active role in the formation of protective intumescent layers. • The layered architecture of the composites was found to influence FR performance, suggesting that structural design may be as impactful as flame-retardant chemistry.
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