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Biochar for heavy metal remediation in aquatic and terrestrial environments: Properties, influencing factors, and mechanisms
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DOI：10.1016/j.gerr.2026.100167.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
With the rapid development of industrialization, heavy metal pollution in water and soil has become increasingly serious. Biochar has attracted extensive attention for its application in heavy metal remediation, which mainly depends on its developed porous structure, large specific surface area, abundant functional groups and minerals. This review outlines the status of heavy metal pollution and summarize the key physicochemical characteristics of biochar. Subsequently, a detailed analysis was conducted on the critical influencing factors, encompassing biochar physicochemical properties, environmental parameters, and heavy metal attributes. The core section comprehensively examines the primary remediation mechanisms, such as physical adsorption, ion exchange, precipitation, and complexation, highlighting how their relative importance shifts with biochar type and environmental context. Furthermore, remediation performance is not governed by a single mechanism but by the synergistic interplay of biochar's evolving surface chemistry, solution conditions, and metal speciation. Additionally, differences in dominant mechanisms and long-term stability are critically compared between aquatic and soil systems. Finally, we identify current knowledge gaps-particularly concerning short-term field performance, long-term aging effects, and sustainability under real-world conditions-and propose targeted future research directions to advance the practical, scalable, and safe application of biochar in heavy metal remediation.
Keywords:
Heavy metal
Biochar
Physicochemical property
Influence factor
Remediation mechanism
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