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Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon for Next-Generation Supercapacitors: From Sustainable Precursors to Flexible Device-Level Advances
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DOI：10.1002/adsu.70566.png)
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Abstract
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The rapid evolution of modern electronic devices has significantly increased the demand of energy storage systems that are lightweight, durable, and capable of delivering both high energy and power densities. Among emerging electrode materials, biomass-derived activated carbon (BDAC) has gained significant attention as a sustainable and scalable alternative to conventional carbon materials for supercapacitors (SCs). This interest stems from its abundant availability, low cost, tunable porous structure, excellent electrochemical performance, and eco-friendly production approach. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in BDAC synthesis, structural engineering, composite fabrication, electrolyte selection, and device architecture for SC applications. Particular emphasis is placed on composite engineering strategies integrating metal oxides, conducting polymers (CPs), and MXenes to enhance pseudocapacitive contributions and improve overall energy density. The influence of electrolyte systems including aqueous, organic, and solid-state configurations on voltage window expansion, ionic transport, and device stability is critically examined. Recent progress in flexible and wearable SC architectures is also highlighted. Finally, key challenges related to scalability, reproducibility, green processing, and long-term stability are discussed, along with future directions toward industrial-scale manufacturing of sustainable carbon electrodes. Overall, BDAC-based SCs represent a promising pathway toward next-generation eco-friendly energy storage technologies for portable and wearable electronic devices.
Keywords:
activated carbon
biomass
energy density
power density
supercapacitor
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