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Biomechanical advancements in hydroxyapatite, magnesium-substituted hydroxyapatite, and strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite in clinical and non-clinical studies for maxillofacial bone tissue engineering: A review

delete2026-06-19
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OA
AI
E
Elham Zafarrazzaghnia *
S
Stuart Hampshire
A
Aran Rafferty
D
Dermot Brabazon
E
Eamonn De Barra
M
Maura C. Kelleher
DOI:10.1016/j.oceram.2026.101006delete
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Abstract

Abstract

En 中文
• Facial bones have different mechanical properties, so scaffold design must be site-specific. • Dense and porous HA scaffolds are suited to different maxillofacial applications. • Magnesium substitution improves toughness and biological response of HA. • Strontium substitution enhances bone formation but needs careful optimization. • Clinical use of Mg-HA and Sr-HA is still limited compared to pure HA.
Keywords:
Hydroxyapatite
Substituted Hydroxyapatite
Maxillofacial Bone
Biomedical applications
Mechanical properties
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Open Ceramics cover
Open Ceramics
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2.8
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338
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Technological University Dublin cover
Technological University Dublin
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U
university of limerick
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