Provocation of occupational asthma by non-specific irritation and its relevance for the classification of chemicals as respiratory allergens: a case study of methyl methacrylate

Mark Pemberton

doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2026.106101

Biomonitoring Equivalents for Interpreting Mandelic and Phenylglyoxylic Acid in Urine Resulting From Exposures to Styrene and Ethylbenzene

2026-05-05

0

PRE

AI

S

Sean M. Hays *

T

Ted W. Simon

X

Xichen Chou

C

Christopher R. Kirman

DOI：10.1016/j.yrtph.2026.106108

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Abstract

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• Styrene and ethylbenzene are both metabolized to mandelic (MA) and phenylglyoxilic acid (PGA). • Both metabolites are excreted in urine in humans. • Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) are developed for MA and PGA in urine. • These values allow for interpretation of general population biomonitoring data. • Styrene and ethylbenzene exposures in the US population are lower than safe exposure limits.

Keywords:

Biomonitoring Equivalents

Mandelic Acid

Phenylglyoxylic Acid

Styrene

Ethylbenzene

Biomonitoring Equivalents for Interpreting Mandelic and Phenylglyoxylic Acid in Urine Resulting From Exposures to Styrene and Ethylbenzene

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