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Bird health in forests: exploring relationships between forest structural complexity, body condition, and tick infestation
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DOI：10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e44058.png)
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Abstract
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• Structural complexity of forests indirectly increases tick burden on great tits. • Higher forest complexity correlates with increased density of questing nymphs. • Great tits with better physiological condition have higher tick infestations. • Balance biodiversity goals with managing disease risks in forest management. • Ecological and physiological perspectives improve understanding of disease dynamics.
Keywords:
Structural equation modeling
Parus major
Tick infestation
Composite body condition
Forest structural complexity
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