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Blast wave attenuation and cost-effectiveness analysis of sand-alumina hollow particle mixtures under saturated conditions
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DOI：10.1016/j.cscm.2026.e06353.png)
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Abstract
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Under saturated conditions, the wave attenuation performance of the distribution layers in underground critical infrastructures deteriorates significantly, necessitating the development of novel, efficient and economical materials. Accordingly, Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar tests were conducted to quantify the dynamic wave attenuation of pure saturated sand, alumina hollow particles, and their mixtures across four volume ratios under varying impact amplitudes. Results indicate that saturated sand essentially loses its attenuation capacity under high-amplitude impacts, reaching a maximum transmissivity of 84%, whereas pure alumina hollow particles perform excellently across all tested amplitudes. Substituting 10∼20% (by volume) of standard sand with these particles drastically enhances the mixture's attenuation performance. Mechanistically, the hollow particles' low density and high porosity reduce the composite's overall density, promoting wave reflection. Simultaneously, particle crushing under dynamic loads releases encapsulated gas and provides space for plastic compression, reducing peak stress and extending the strain path, which manifests as a “quasi elastic-plastic plateau-strain hardening” three-stage compressive behavior. While increasing the hollow particle content further improves attenuation, the enhancement rate decelerates. A cost-effectiveness analysis based on Absolute Cost-Effectiveness and Marginal Cost-Effectiveness Gain reveals that the mixtures with 10∼20% hollow particle volume fraction fall within a preferred cost-effective range. This research provides a highly reliable, environmentally adaptable material selection solution that balances performance and cost-effectiveness for blast protection of underground critical infrastructure.
Keywords:
Blast wave
Wave attenuation performance
Sand-alumina hollow particle mixtures
Gas-phase incremental effects
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