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Bone development
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DOI：10.1016/j.bone.2015.04.035.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The development of the vertebrate skeleton reflects its evolutionary history. Cartilage formation came before biomineralization and a head skeleton evolved before the formation of axial and appendicular skeletal structures. This review describes the processes that result in endochondral and intramembranous ossification, the important roles of growth and transcription factors, and the consequences of mutations in some of the genes involved. Following a summary of the origin of cartilage, muscle, and tendon cell lineages in the axial skeleton, we discuss the role of muscle forces in the formation of skeletal architecture and assembly of musculoskeletal functional units. Finally, ontogenetic patterning of bones in response to mechanical loading is reviewed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Muscle Bone Interactions. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Bone development
Endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification
Transcription factors
Somite differentiation
Skeletal patterning
Tendon-bone attachment
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