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Brazil’s pacifying police units revisited: A failed democratic policing project and lessons for institutional reforms
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DOI：10.1016/j.worlddev.2026.107462.png)
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Abstract
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• Insufficient separation from the pre-existing police force undermined the UPPs ability to operate as an institutional bypass. • Gradual reform timelines can and often do clash with political and economic interests in fast expansion. • Rapid scaling-up may undermine experimentation based on performance metrics and may create “reform traps.” • Reforms that are broad in scope can challenge organizational culture and “mental frameworks”, facing fiercer resistance. • Creating new structures is likely insufficient if not accompanied by recruitment of personnel who are open to change.
Keywords:
Police reform
Brazil
UPPs
Democratic policing
Institutional bypass
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