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Bridging the gap: challenges and industrial translation of MXene/biomass-carbon supercapacitors
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DOI：10.1007/s42823-026-01111-9.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The increasing demand for sustainable, high-performance energy storage technologies has intensified research into electrode materials that combine environmental compatibility with superior electrochemical properties. MXenes, a diverse family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, exhibit metallic conductivity, tunable surface terminations, and pronounced pseudocapacitive behaviour. In contrast, biomass-derived carbons offer hierarchical porosity, chemical stability, renewability, and cost-effective production from abundant waste resources. Integrating these materials has emerged as an effective strategy for developing next-generation supercapacitors with high capacitance, rapid charge–discharge kinetics, and long-term cycling stability. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of MXenes and biomass-derived carbons, synthesis methods for MXene/biomass-carbon hybrids, their structural and physicochemical properties, and recent trends in electrochemical performance. The synergistic combination of MXene conductivity and biomass carbon porosity is emphasized, as is the importance of interfacial engineering in improving ion transport and electrode stability. Major challenges, such as MXene oxidation, nanosheet restacking, variability in biomass carbon precursors, and environmentally hazardous synthesis processes, are critically assessed. The review concludes by identifying future research directions, including the development of oxidation-resistant MXenes, environmentally friendly, scalable fabrication techniques, enhanced interfacial coupling, and advanced mechanistic insights through in-situ characterization. Collectively, this work underscores the significant potential of MXene/biomass-derived carbon hybrids as sustainable and high-performance electrode materials for next-generation supercapacitor technologies.
Keywords:
MXene
Biomass
Porous carbon
Energy storage
Super capacitor
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