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C-Phycocyanin-mediated photoactivation versus Er: YAG laser irradiation for ceramic bracket surface conditioning: Influence on bonding efficacy of sepiolite nanoparticle-modified adhesive
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DOI：10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2025.113346.png)
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Abstract
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Aim: The current study investigated the potential of Er: YAG laser and C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) mediated photo-activation (PA) as alternatives to hydrofluoric acid (HFA) for the preparation of ceramic bracket surfaces before bonding. Additionally, the study also evaluated the incorporation of sepiolite nanoparticles (SepNP) into the adhesive could enhance the bonding efficacy of the conditioned ceramic bracket to enamel. Methodology: One-twenty ceramic brackets were allocated into four distinct treatment groups: untreated, HFA etched, Er: YAG laser treated, and C-PC-PA. Each group was further divided, with half of the brackets bonded using a standard adhesive and the other half using an adhesive augmented with 1 % SepNPs. Surface roughness (Ra) was quantified utilizing a profilometer, and the pretreated ceramic bracket bases were scrutinized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Following the aging process of the samples, the force required to debond the ceramic bracket from the enamel was evaluated using a universal testing machine (UTM). The failure mode was documented using the adhesive remnant index (ARI), and the degree of conversion (DC) of both modified and unmodified adhesives was subsequently assessed. Results: The laser-treated roughened surfaces (1167.43 +/- 6.81 mu m) demonstrated comparable efficacy to those etched with HFA (1158.74 +/- 8.54 mu m). In contrast, the C-PC-PA method resulted in minimal surface roughening (735.47 +/- 5.69 mu m), showing no significant improvement over untreated brackets. The pattern of bond strength was consistent with these findings-both the laser and acid-treated groups exhibited strong bonding (8.51-9.60 MPa), whereas the photoactivation and untreated groups displayed weaker adhesion (5.21-6.36 MPa). The incorporation of nanoparticles enhanced bond strength across all groups without affecting the DC (75.05 % versus 76.44 %). Conclusion: The Er: YAG laser is as effective as HFA for conditioning ceramic brackets, while mitigating the safety hazards associated with handling toxic acids. SepNPs enhance adhesive performance without affecting the curing process. Conversely, C-PC-PA was found to be ineffective for ceramic bracket conditioning.
Keywords:
C-Phycocyanin
Photoactivation
Light emitting diode
Er
Yag laser
Scanning Electron microscope
Nanoparticles
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