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Calcium isotopes constrain magmatic–hydrothermal evolution and Nb–REE decoupling in the Bayan Obo carbonatite system
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DOI:10.1016/j.gr.2026.06.015.png)
Abstract
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• Calcium isotopes indicate magmatic–hydrothermal evolution in carbonatite systems. • Sr–Nd–C–O isotopes trace a HIMU–EMI enriched mantle modified by recycled carbonates. • Rayleigh fractionation of Ca shows progressive hydrothermal carbonate precipitation. • Ca isotopes reveal temporal decoupling of Nb and REE mineralization. • Heavy δ44/40Ca identify late-stage REE-enriched zones with exploration significance.
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