Can large language models implement agent-based models? An ODD-based replication study

Nuno Fachada

doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2026.111624

Can large language models implement agent-based models? An ODD-based replication study

2026-04-29

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João P. Matos-Carvalho

DOI：10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2026.111624

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Abstract

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• LLMs can generate ABMs from ODD, but reliable replication remains uneven. • Statistical validation is essential, as executable code may still be incorrect. • GPT-4.1 most consistently reproduced PPHPC dynamics with good efficiency. • Successful implementations differed substantially in runtime and maintainability. • Results clarify current opportunities and limits for reproducible ABM workflows.

Keywords:

Large Language Models

Agent-Based Models

Replication Study

ODD

Statistical Validation

Can large language models implement agent-based models? An ODD-based replication study

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