Cellular immune response following homologous and heterologous BNT162b2 booster vaccination after primary immunization with BNT162b2 and CoronaVac respectively

2026-01-31

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Mat Jusoh Siti Asmaa

Darren Shaqeel Sasikaran

Aini Syahida Mat Yassim

Bushra Solehah Mohd Rosdan

Amiratul Aifa Mohamad Asri

Anis Atifah Mohd Hisham

Rapeah Suppian

Nur Suhaila Idris

Rosediani Muhamad

Maryam Azlan *

Mohd Nor Norazmi *

DOI：10.1016/j.cellimm.2026.105064

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• Sustained T cell activation at T2 (6–8 months post-booster) in both PPP and SSP groups, as evidenced by increased CD25 + CD69+ and CD38 + HLA-DR+ expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. • Distinct kinetics of memory T cells, with the SSP group exhibiting prolonged Central and Stem Cell Memory T cell responses at T3 (12 months post-booster) compared to PPP. • Higher IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ cytokine responses in the SSP group, suggesting a stronger cellular immune response. • A decline in T cell markers at 12 months, emphasizing the potential need for additional booster doses to maintain protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Cellular immune response following homologous and heterologous BNT162b2 booster vaccination after primary immunization with BNT162b2 and CoronaVac respectively

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