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Characteristics of gas venting and detection during thermal runaway of LiFePO4 battery
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DOI：10.1016/j.firesaf.2026.104911.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
In this work, the thermal runaway studies of two different LiFePO4 battery cells and multi-cell modules were initiated by thin-film heaters heating at a constant rate of 6 ± 1°C/min. In the single cell studies, the cell was placed inside a steel cabinet under constant suction. One side of door was replaced by a plexiglass for direct observation of the cell and valve deformations. The tests of multi-cell modules were carried out in a steel cabinet for energy storage that housed 20 modules. Extensive gas detection methods including electrochemical gas detectors, semiconductor gas detectors, cassette tape detector, and smoke detectors were placed inside the cabinet to measure the potential gas/particle vented. The heating led to battery expansion, valve deformation with disc swelling, and valve venting. Small valve deformation and leakage of carbonates electrolytes were observed from gas detection results of carbonates and VOC detectors with reading up to 100 ppm about 5 min before the full venting for one type of the cells. All other gas detectors including CO, H2, HF and smoke sensor showed positive responses only after full valve opening. However, heating of the other type of cells led to direct venting without valve deformation and early detection of carbonate electrolytes. Thus, the detection of carbonates electrolytes may be an effective way of early detection of abnormal thermal conditions for some LiFePO4 batteries. Nevertheless, all gas and smoke detectors utilized in this work were effective in monitoring the cell after runaway and gas venting. Thermal runaway tests in multi-cell modules were then performed and confirmed similar results of early warning detections from single cell tests. Finally. Procedures and practice for monitoring and responding to abnormal thermal events of LiFePO4 batteries are also proposed.
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