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Characteristics of structural superimposed halo at the Jiawula Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, Inner Mongolia, China and its significance for exploration
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DOI：10.1016/j.gexplo.2026.108009.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Geochemical exploration for deep-seated, structurally controlled hydrothermal deposits remains a formidable challenge, primarily owing to the attenuation of near-surface primary halo anomalies and the inadequacy of existing metallogenic prediction models. Structural superimposed halo analysis provides essential constraints on axial element zonation patterns, offering direct vectors for mineral targeting. In this study, we integrate surface, tunnel, and drill core geochemical data (n = 481) to characterize structural superimposed haloes and ore-related element associations at the Jiawula Pb-Zn-Ag deposit. Precise geochemical background values delineated oreindicating enrichment factors in Orebodies II and III, with correlation matrices revealing elemental linkages in >5000 ppm Pb ores. Using the Gregorian's method, we established the vertical zoning sequence from Hg-As-Sb-B (frontal halo) to Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag (near ore halo) and to Bi-Mo-Mn-Co-Ni-W-Sn (root halo). Axial elemental variation across 10 sublevels in orebody III shows frontal and root Halo superimposition, demonstrating multi-stage mineralization with persistent depth potential. In addition, the thinning of the thickness of the deep orebody in the northern section of the orebody III corresponds to the enrichment of Pb, Zn, Ag and other near ore elements, indicating that there is still a great possibility of the occurrence of orebodies in the deep. Therefore, we have delineated four exploration targets in the section of the orebody III, and drilling further confirmed that there is steep dipping high-grade Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization in this target area. Combined with regional geological data, this study indicates that the Jiawula deposit was formed through two phases of tectono-magmatic events involving: 1) Paleo-Asian Ocean closure along the North China-Siberian Craton suture, and 2) Paleo-Pacific Plate subduction. These processes trigger crust-mantle contamination and the ascent of polymetallic fluids, ultimately resulting in ore deposition within shallow structural traps.
Keywords:
Epithermal Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit
Structural superimposed halo
Jiawula
Geochemical exploration
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