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Climate-dominated, LUCC-enhanced water–ecosystem responses in the humid temperate Tumen River basin
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DOI：10.1016/j.catena.2026.110193.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
• Climate variability dominates basin-scale terrestrial water storage changes. • Land-use/cover change exerts a persistent secondary control on TWS and VHI. • Cropland-to-shrubland and forest transitions enhance both TWS and vegetation health. • Cropland-to-grassland conversion shows weak and spatially inconsistent ecological gains. • Strongest improvements in water–ecosystem status occur on steep, erosion-prone slopes.
Keywords:
Climate variability
Land-use/cover change
Terrestrial water storage
Vegetation health
Ecosystem response
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