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Climate impact mitigation potential in milk from intensive and extensive dairy systems using 3-NOP: A life cycle perspective
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DOI：10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2026.116755.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Due to high emissions of greenhouse gases, ruminant production systems are being questioned. In Sweden, enteric methane emissions from feed digestion in ruminants alone accounted for 7% of total greenhouse gas emissions in 2022. Feed additives, such as 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), are being developed to mitigate these emissions. In high-income countries, dairy production is typically specialized and intensive, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions per kg of milk due to higher productivity. In contrast, more extensive systems produce less milk but can contribute more to ecosystem services, e.g., through grazing biodiverse pastures. These systems differ in feeding strategies, which may influence the efficacy of 3-NOP. The aim of this study was therefore to quantify and compare the climate change mitigation potential of intensive and extensive dairy production systems using 3-NOP to reduce enteric methane emissions. The mitigation potential was quantified from a life cycle perspective. Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions per kg of energy-corrected milk were 12% and 9% in the intensive and extensive systems, respectively. As the production process of 1 kg of 3-NOP emits 47.9 kg CO2e while reducing methane emissions by 2.9 and 2.3 tonnes CO2e in the studied systems it is an effective mitigation strategy. National implementation of 3-NOP in dairy production could reduce total Swedish agricultural emissions by 4-5%, with greater potential if fed to other ruminants in addition to dairy cows. However, the associated cost of 3-NOP for farmers and consumer acceptance need to be considered.
Keywords:
feed additives
dairy
multifunctionality
life cycle assessment
greenhouse gases
methane
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