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Combined effects of anchor geometry and soil spatial variability on the probabilistic pullout capacity of helical anchors
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DOI：10.1016/j.compgeo.2026.108482.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Helical anchors serve as a promising solution for anchoring solution for floating offshore wind turbines, yet the influence of spatially varying soil properties on their pullout capacity remains insufficiently quantified. To address this gap, this study adopts a random finite element method integrated with Monte Carlo simulations to investigate the probabilistic pullout behavior of helical anchors in spatially variable clay. The results indicate that both geometric configuration of anchor and soil spatial variability jointly govern the pullout capacity and failure modes. Deeper embedment reduces the variability of uniaxial pullout capacity, while a smaller helix diameter increases its mean value. Elevated soil variability lowers the mean uniaxial pullout capacity, whereas longer spatial correlation lengths enhance overall variability. These trends are closely associated with evolution in failure modes: a larger failure zone strengthens the spatial averaging effect of soil strength, higher soil variability induces an asymmetric failure mode, and longer spatial correlation lengths facilitate symmetric failure mode. Under inclined loading, the intersection of V-H failure envelopes across different random realizations complicates the definition of a probabilistic failure envelope. A new sorting method is thus proposed to overcome the issue, which offers a more comprehensive approach characterization of probabilistic failure characteristics compared to the conventional method. The findings highlight the necessity of considering soil spatial variability in helical anchor design and offer a practical methodological framework and case reference for the reliability-based design of offshore helical anchors.
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