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Commutative Encryption and Watermarking Algorithm Based on DNA Dynamic Encryption for High-Definition Map
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DOI：10.1002/spy2.70125.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
High-definition (HD) maps are essential for autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems. However, their high acquisition cost, significant economic value, and sensitive information content expose them to serious security threats during storage, transmission, and application. Existing encryption and watermarking methods for HD maps rarely achieve both commutativity and lossless, limiting their practical deployment for OpenDRIVE format maps. To address this issue, we propose a commutative encryption and watermarking (CEW) algorithm based on DNA dynamic coding. In the scheme, four parameters of parameterized cubic curves are first scrambled through DNA base complementarity. The parameters are then converted into binary, dynamically encoded using DNA, and diffused via arithmetic operations, ensuring effective encryption. Because encryption does not alter the number of curves, a zero-watermarking strategy is introduced by analyzing the parity of curve counts at each node, thus achieving commutativity between encryption and watermarking. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness and high security of the proposed algorithm. The encrypted HD maps can be accurately decrypted even under various attacks while maintaining efficient encryption and decryption processes. Compared with existing methods, the watermarking scheme embedded in the algorithm exhibits superior robustness and can be reliably detected under common attack scenarios, highlighting its potential for secure management and transmission of HD maps.
Keywords:
chaotic system
commutative encryption-watermarking
DNA dynamic encryption
HD map
security analysis