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Comparative study of plasmonic nanoparticle additives in Jatropha B20 for CI engine combustion, energy efficiency, and emission improvement
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DOI：10.1007/s13399-026-07237-0.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The growing demand for cleaner and more energy-efficient diesel engine operation has increased interest in renewable biodiesel fuels and advanced fuel-borne additives. This study presents a comparative evaluation of nanoparticles as additives at 50 mg kg⁻¹ (equivalent to 50 ppm by mass) in Jatropha B20 biodiesel for compression-ignition (CI) engine operation, with emphasis on combustion, energy efficiency, and emission improvements. The novelty of the work lies in the assessment of four metallic nanoparticles under the biodiesel blend, additive concentration, engine speed, and load conditions, rather than proposing a new nanoparticle–biodiesel concept. Fuel-property measurements showed only marginal changes in density, viscosity, lower heating value, cetane number, and flash point after nanoparticle addition, indicating that the observed combustion changes were not primarily attributable to bulk fuel-property variation. Ultraviolet–visible spectra confirmed the ex-situ optical absorption peaks of the dispersed nanoparticles. At full load, Ag increased brake thermal efficiency from 28.0% to 32.0% and reduced brake-specific fuel consumption from 314 to 274 g kWh⁻¹, indicating improved fuel-energy conversion efficiency. Cu provided the good emission performance , reducing nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and smoke by 14%, 30%, 43%, and 40%, respectively. The results indicate that Cu and Ag are the most effective additives under the tested conditions, primarily due to material-specific thermal, oxidation, energy-efficiency, and combustion-phasing effects.
Keywords:
Plasmonic nanoparticles
Jatropha biodiesel
CI engine combustion
Energy efficiency
Emission reduction
Heat release rate
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