Complementary probes for the electrochemical interface

doi:10.1038/s41570-024-00575-5

Complementary probes for the electrochemical interface

2024-02-22

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José Ramón Galán‐Mascarós

F. Pelayo Garcı́a de Arquer *

DOI：10.1038/s41570-024-00575-5

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The functions of electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices rely on the dynamic junction between a solid and a fluid: the electrochemical interface (EI). Many experimental techniques have been developed to probe the EI, but they provide only a partial picture. Building a full mechanistic understanding requires combining multiple probes, either successively or simultaneously. However, such combinations lead to important technical and theoretical challenges. In this Review, we focus on complementary optoelectronic probes and modelling to address the EI across different timescales and spatial scales - including mapping surface reconstruction, reactants and reaction modulators during operation. We discuss how combining these probes can facilitate a predictive design of the EI when closely integrated with theory. Electrochemical devices enable clean energy technologies such as hydrogen cells, batteries and solar fuels. Their design is hindered by incomplete information about the electrochemical interface during operation. Complementary optoelectronic probes offer a path to improved mechanistic insights into such interfaces.

Keywords:

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY

IN-SITU

OXYGEN EVOLUTION

CO2 REDUCTION

POURBAIX DIAGRAMS

RATIONAL DESIGN

OXIDATION-STATE

CARBON-DIOXIDE

ACTIVE-SITES

METAL-OXIDES

Complementary probes for the electrochemical interface

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