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Composition-Driven Microstructure Refinement in Geopolymers Enabled by Copper Slag-Based Core-Shell Structure
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DOI：10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106414.png)
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Abstract
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Geopolymers face limited load-bearing applications due to low elastic modulus and high porosity caused by weak N-A-S-H gels. Traditional modification methods often fail to address interfacial inertness or porosity issues. This study develops a novel copper slag (CS) based core-shell structure featuring an iron-rich core and nano-silica (NS) coating to enhance geopolymer stiffness synergistically. High-purity NS (358 m2/g) synthesized via acid leaching and complexation forms a dense 0.6 μm shell using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Adding 2 wt.% composite optimizes reaction kinetics, increasing 28-day compressive strength by 21.30% (54.3 MPa) and elastic modulus by 26.41% (12.11 GPa), surpassing ordinary Portland cement at equivalent strength. The iron-rich core reduces harmful macro-pores by 8.13%, while the NS shell promotes Al3+ substitution for Si4+, promoting the preferential formation of dense C-A-S-H gels. This dual mechanism achieves high synergy (coefficient = 1.35), enabling advancing sustainable high-performance geopolymers with combined environmental and structural benefits. These findings suggest various promising applications in such as high-rise buildings and large-span bridges.
Keywords:
Geopolymer
Nano-silica
Core-shell structure
Copper slag
Elastic modulus
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