Continuous Sweep for Binary Quantification Learning

doi:10.1007/s00357-026-09548-3

Continuous Sweep for Binary Quantification Learning

2026-05-01

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DOI：10.1007/s00357-026-09548-3

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A quantifier is a supervised machine learning algorithm that focuses on estimating the class prevalence in a data set rather than labeling its individual observations. We introduce continuous sweep, a new parametric binary quantifier inspired by the well-performing median sweep, which is an ensemble method based on adjusted count estimators. We modified two aspects of median sweep: (1) using parametric class distributions instead of empirical distributions for the true and false positive rates; (2) using the mean instead of the median of a set of adjusted count estimates. These two modifications allow for a theoretical analysis of the bias and variance of the continuous sweep. Furthermore, the expressions of bias and variance can be used to define optimal decision boundaries of the set of adjusted count estimates to be used in the ensemble. In three simulation studies, we show that continuous sweep outperforms the quantifiers in the group classify, count, and correct, including median sweep, and is competitive with the two best quantifiers in the group distribution matchers. Also, an empirical data set is analyzed with these quantifiers, showing similar performances.

Keywords:

Quantification learning

Class prevalence estimation

Prior probability estimation

Misclassification bias

Base rate

Continuous Sweep for Binary Quantification Learning

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