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Controls on Magma Output From Stromboli's Plumbing System
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DOI：10.1029/2026JB033960.png)
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Abstract
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Quantifying magma output over variable timescales is essential for understanding persistently active volcanoes. We analyze magma output at Stromboli (during 2000-2025) using satellite thermal data integrated with a comprehensive database of volcanic activity. Results indicate a mean magma output rate of similar to 0.045 m3 s-1, documenting a phase of elevated productivity compared to the century average (similar to 0.028 m3 s-1). Erupted volume in this period (similar to 37.5 Mm3) is partitioned among three eruptive styles: flank eruptions (similar to 84%), lava overflows (similar to 10%), and persistent Strombolian activity (similar to 6%). Each style is characterized by distinct discharge rates and source depths within a vertically organized plumbing system. Persistent Strombolian activity produces continuous low magma flux (similar to 0.003 m3 s-1) reflecting open-vent conditions sustained by magma convection within the conduit. Overflows occur episodically with discharge rates of similar to 0.3-3 m3 s-1, and are fed by a very shallow reservoir (similar to 0.3-0.5 km depth). Flank eruptions dominate the erupted volume through high-flux events (similar to 5-20 m3 s-1) involving partial drainage of an intermediate reservoir (similar to 3-4 km depth). The 2000-2025 record is consistent with increasing shallow discharge via Strombolian activity and overflows, accompanied by reduced volumes in flank eruptions, which we interpret as due to a progressive reorganization toward a more open plumbing system. Comparison with long-term eruptive records suggests that this behavior is superimposed on centennial-scale fluctuations in magma output rate. Based on modeling results, this is interpreted as due to alternating phases of pressure build-up and release in the magmatic plumbing system, driven by temporal changes in magma supply rate.
Keywords:
satellite thermal data
magma output rate
Stromboli volcano
eruptive style
volcanic plumbing system
variable magma supply
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