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Cooling rate-driven formation of metastable Mg9Sn5 and its nanohardness in an Al-Mg-Sn alloy
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DOI：10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2026.108275.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The metastable Mg9Sn5 phase has been reported to form only under extreme pressure and temperature conditions. In this study, it was obtained in an Al-7 wt.%Sn-3 wt.%Mg alloy directionally solidified upward using a water-cooled mold. For comparison, the same alloy was also solidified under near-equilibrium conditions. The microstructure was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. It consists of a dendritic alpha-Al matrix with beta-Sn and Mg9Sn5 as the main Mg-Sn intermetallic compound. Phase formation was strongly affected by cooling rate: higher rates promoted Mg9Sn5 precipitation, whereas slower solidification favored the stable Mg2Sn phase. Nanoindentation results show that Mg9Sn5 exhibits higher hardness and Young's modulus than Mg2Sn, highlighting its strengthening effect. These results demonstrate that Mg9Sn5 can form under relatively mild solidification conditions, offering potential for high-load-bearing applications while maintaining solid-lubrication from beta-Sn.
Keywords:
Directional solidification
Nanoindentation
Aluminum alloys
Metastable phases
Cooling rate
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