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Coordinated weekly and daily bidding strategy for a wind–pumped-hydro–battery hybrid energy system in multi-level electricity markets
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DOI：10.3389/fenrg.2026.1901377.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
The increasing penetration of renewable energy has intensified power-balance challenges and increased the need for coordinated electricity market mechanisms. This paper proposes a joint bidding strategy for a wind–pumped-hydro–battery hybrid energy system (WPB-HES) participating in intra-month medium- and long-term (MLT); spot; and frequency regulation ancillary service markets. First; a weekly bidding optimization model is developed to exploit the cross-day regulation capability of pumped hydro energy storage and coordinate revenues from multiple markets. Based on the weekly trading results; a bi-level optimization model is further established for intra-month daily MLT trading. The upper-level model maximizes the total revenue of the WPB-HES; while the lower-level models represent the clearing processes of the intra-month integrated trading market and the joint energy–frequency regulation market. To improve computational tractability; the bi-level problem is reformulated using Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions and duality theory. Case studies show that the proposed strategy effectively coordinates pumped hydro energy storage and battery energy storage; enhances the flexibility of the hybrid system; and improves multi-market revenue compared with conventional bidding strategies. The results demonstrate that the proposed method provides a practical decision-making framework for WPB-HES participation in coordinated electricity markets.
Keywords:
hybrid energy system
joint bidding
KKT conditions
medium and long-term market
spot market
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2.4
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923
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