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Coupled Ionic–Electronic Transport in Vertical OECTs: A Combined Experimental and Simulation Study
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DOI：10.1002/aelm.202500689.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) uniquely couple ionic and electronic transport, enabling high transconductance and low-voltage operation for bioelectronic applications. While the Bernards–Malliaras model successfully describes lateral OECTs, it fails to capture the coupled space- and time-dependent processes that govern vertical OECTs (vOECTs), particularly for disordered semiconductors and high ion concentrations. Here, we present a 2D numerical simulation that self-consistently couples ion transport and electronic charge dynamics, validated against experimental data from n-type poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) vOECTs. The simulations reproduce steady-state and transient characteristics, revealing key physical mechanisms including diffusion-dominated electronic transport, contact tunneling, energy loss at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, and gate-induced ion acceleration via band bending. The simulation also quantifies geometry-dependent mobility discrepancies and anisotropic ionic transport between vertical and lateral architectures, consistent with recent reports on mixed ionic–electronic conductors. By bridging microscopic mechanisms with experimental observables, this work provides a predictive framework for vOECT operation and offers design guidelines for high-performance, high-density bioelectronic systems.
Keywords:
BBL
OECTs
OMIECs
Polymers
vOECT
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