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Coupling-Term Optimization for Enhanced Cluster Synchronization in Complex VCSEL Networks
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DOI：10.1109/jstqe.2026.3685534.png)
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Abstract
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The synchronization behavior of complex vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) networks is strongly determined by the choice of coupling variables, yet this crucial factor has seldom been examined in a systematic manner. In this work, we establish a unified framework to identify the optimal coupling term for achieving enhanced chaos synchronization characterized by high stability and rich dynamical complexity essential for secure communication. We comparatively analyze parallel and orthogonal optical injection schemes and introduce variable-polarization control to extend the coupling dimensionality. Numerical and experimental analyses reveal that the variable-polarization orthogonal optical injection (VPOI-O) scheme under type-II polarization-switching conditions yields the most favorable trade-off between synchronization stability, chaotic complexity, and time-delay-signature suppression. This configuration not only enables robust cluster synchronization across polarization angles but also generates highly unpredictable synchronized chaos suitable for physical-layer security. Furthermore, the generality of this optimized coupling mechanism is verified in networks with diverse topologies. The results provide a comprehensive guideline for coupling-term engineering in VCSEL-based chaotic networks and open new avenues for secure, high-dimensional optical communication systems.
Keywords:
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
coupling term
cluster synchronization
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