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Creep crack propagation in additively manufactured 316L stainless steel: Experimental insights and numerical modeling
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DOI：10.1016/j.engfracmech.2026.112194.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Creep crack propagation significantly limits the service life of additively manufactured (AM) components at high-temperature creep condition. However, the studies on the creep crack growth (CCG) behavior and the ability of crack propagation prediction in AM materials remain acutely scarce. In this work, the CCG behavior of as-built 316L stainless steel (SS), fabricated using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique, was investigated under various initial stress intensity factors at 600 degrees C using compact tension specimens loaded parallel and perpendicular to the build direction, respectively. As expected, anisotropic crack growth rates were observed under low and moderate loads, with cracks propagating faster under perpendicular loading than under parallel loading, as the columnar grain boundaries provided an easier path for intergranular crack propagation. However, under high loads, isotropic crack growth rates were observed due to highstress-induced transgranular propagation under parallel loading, which likely increased the crack growth rate. Compared with documented data for conventional 316L SS, the steady-state CCG rate of LPBF 316L SS under perpendicular loading was approximately three times higher, whereas the rate in the parallel loading direction was comparable. Crack path analysis indicates that cracks propagate more easily along the grain boundaries between coarse and fine grains, likely due to higher stress concentrations at these boundaries that promote void nucleation and coalescence. Additionally, the Wen-Tu model was used to predict crack propagation rates and morphologies. The predicted results showed reasonable agreement with experimental data if the anisotropic uniaxial creep behavior of LPBF 316L SS is considered.
Keywords:
Additive manufacturing
316L stainless steel
Creep damage
Creep crack growth
Finite element analysis
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