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Cryobiosensors: materials-driven antifreezing mechanisms, design strategies, and applications
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DOI：10.1016/j.pmatsci.2026.101798.png)
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Abstract
En 中文
Biosensors are widely used in biomedical detection and related fields. However, their performance in cryogenic environments is severely limited by material property changes, decreased biomolecular activity, and restricted signal transduction processes. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in cryobiosensors, focusing on three categories: chemical, optical, and mechanical biosensors. Primarily, we have provided a detailed explanation of the mechanisms by which cryogenic temperatures affect the performance of biosensors. Specifically, this includes the effects of reaction kinetics and the thermodynamics of molecular recognition, mass transfer and interfacial reaction rates, material phase behavior and structural stability, as well as signal transduction and readout processes. Subsequently, we deeply explore core strategies for achieving cryostability and optimizing sensing performance across various biosensor types. Key strategies include the utilization of antifreeze additives, biomolecular immobilization and modification engineering, material and structural optimization, and temperature compensation. Finally, we further discussed the challenges currently facing cryobiosensors in terms of long-term stability, adaptability to extreme cryogenic temperatures, detection of complex samples, and system-level integration. We emphasized that the focus of research is shifting from the development of single antifreeze materials toward integrated, collaborative innovation across the “materials-structures-systems” levels, with the aim of advancing cryobiosensors toward practical applications.
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