Cryogenic electronics for high performance computing applications: A comprehensive review

Faisal Bashir

doi:10.1016/j.mtphys.2025.101960

Cryogenic electronics for high performance computing applications: A comprehensive review

2025-11-25

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DOI：10.1016/j.mtphys.2025.101960

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Future big-data processing with excellent energy efficiency is made possible by universal cryogenic computing, which includes von Neumann, neuromorphic, and quantum computing architectures. The post-Moore era of integrated circuits presents a number of obstacles to enhance the computing performance, making it challenging to satisfy the constantly rising demands of computing. The computing systems based on Cryogenic complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) have been considered among the most feasible methods for overcoming the performance bottlenecks. Device leakage and wire resistance can be greatly decreased by cooling the circuitry to cryogenic temperatures, which would further enhance performance and energy efficiency. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive review of the Cryogenic CMOS based computing systems for future scaled quantum computing applications. The details of Cryogenic CMOS transistors, Cryogenic processor architecture and Cryogenic CMOS modeling are presented in this review. Also, discussion on the development of cryogenic memory technologies is presented with focus on cryogenic non-superconducting memories (including those based on charge and resistance). Finally, the challenges and opportunities in the further development and deployment of Cryogenic systems are discussed.

Cryogenic electronics for high performance computing applications: A comprehensive review

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